THE OXIDATIVE STRESS STATUS OF RATS FED ON OIL BEAN SEED MEAL ABSTRACT This study was on oxidative stress status of rat fed with Pentraclethra macrophylla, otherwise known as African oil bean seed oil in English or Ugba in Igbo. Sixteen male rats were distributed into four groups. 1 (control), then group 2, 3, and 4 as test groups. They were fed with their formulated meal (5%, 10%, 20% inclussions) for 28 days. Group 1 was the control and were fed with the normal feed, while group 2, 3 and 4 which were the test groups were fed with test feed formula.. The parameters determined were MDA concentrations and catalase activity. Serum MDA significantly increased (p<0.05) while the catalase activity significantly decreased (p<0.05). This finding may be clinically significant to individuals with predisposition to increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other degenerative diseases. TABLE OF CONTENT Chapter One 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Aim and objective Chapter Two 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Classification of oil bean 2.2 Composition of seed 2.3 Fatty acid composition of African oil bean seed 2.4 Pharmacological uses 2.5 Anti nutrient in health 2.6 Oil bean and humans 2.6.1 Oil bean seed and animals 2.7 Oxidative stress 2.7.1 Malondialdehyde 2.8 Catalase Chapter Three 3.0 Materials and methods 3.1 Materials 3.2 Collection and identification of plant materials 3.3Animals 3.4 Preparation of oil bean seed meal for animal feeding 3.4 .1 Oil bean seed meal inclusion diet preparations 3.4.2 Oil extraction 3.5 Formulation of oil bean seed meal diet 3.5.1 Oil bean seed based treatment diet (g/100g Diet) 3.5.2 Chemicals/Biochemicals 3.6 Phytochemical screening 3.6.1 Test for tannins 3.6.2 Test for alkaloids 3.6.3 Test for saponin 3.6.4 Test for flavonoids 3.6.5 Determination of phenols 3.7 Determination of fatty acid composition 3.7.1 Determination of anthocyanin 3.8 Collection of blood sample 3.9 Test for malonaldelyde 3.9.1 Catalase assay Chapter Four 4.0 Result and discussion 4.1 Figure i fatty acid composition of extracted oil of pentraclethra macrophylla 4.2 Figure ii malondialdehyde concentration of test and control animal 4.3 Figure iii catalase concentration of test and control animals Chapter Five 5.0 Discussion 5.1 Recommendations References CHAPTER ONE THE OXIDATIVE STRESS STATUS OF RATS FED ON OIL BEAN SEED MEAL 1.0. INTRODUCTION Ugba also called ukpaka is a popular food delicacy in Nigeria especially among Igbo ethnic group. It is rich in protein and is obtained by a solid state fermentation of the seed of African oil bean tree (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth). The natural fermentation of the seed which at present is still done at the house-hold level, renders the production nutritious, palatable and non-toxic (Enujiugha, 2002). Its production, like many African fermented foods depends, entirely on mixed fermentation by microorganism from diverse source. Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth is a large woody plant abundant in the rain forest areas of west and central Africa. It’s 1937 (Ladipo, 1984); where it is found in the South Nigeria, (Mbajunwa et al.,1998). ―Ugba‖Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth belongs to the Family Leguminosae and sub-family Microsoideae (Keay, 1989 and NFTA, 1995). Ugba seeds are irregular and oval; they are flat, black and hard pods. It is composed of oil, protein and small amounts of carbohydrate (Obeta, 1982). 1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES (i) To determine the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA, which indicates the peroxidation status) and (ii) The activity of Catalase (a marker of antioxidant status) in the serum of rats fed graded doses of African oil bean seed meal CHAPTER TWO 2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW The oil bean seeds are obtained from the African oil bean tree (Pentaclethra macrophylla Bentham) a large perennial leguminous plant that grows to a height of 25m. The leaves are small and reddish when Young and but gradually turn to dark green (Enujiugha and Agbade, 2005). The trees are planted along the sides of roads as shade trees and around communities as cash crops. The fruit is black, hard and woody pod measuring about 35-36cm long and 5-10cm broad. When mature it splits open explosively to release about eight diameters and weighing about 15-20grams (Keay et al., 1964; Odunfan, 1986). The compound leaves are usually about 20-45cm long and covered with rusty hairs giving a scurfy effect particularly along the upper surface but this eventually falls off. There are 10-12 pairs of stout pinnae, the middle pairs are 7-13cm long and also have rusty hairs along the central grove. There are usually 12 –15 pairs of opposite stalk less pinnules (leaflets) each 12 –15cm long and 5 –10mm broad, with the middle pairs longest. Leaflets often have a rounded tip but are sometimes notched, the base is unequal. Flowers are creamy yellow or pinkish-white and sweat smelling, flowering commences at variable periods within West Africa. The main flowering season is between March to April with smaller flushes in June and November. Fruits are available at most periods of the year because the large woody pods are persistent. The pods are 40-50cm long and 5-10 wide. Fruits splits open explosively with the valves curling up. This is the form in which they appear on most trees, usually pods contain between 6-10 flat glossy brown seeds and are up to 7cm long. This is the edible product and sources of the Ville, 1959). The fermented seed is called UGBA by the Igbo’s while the Efiks in the southern Nigeria call it UKANA. It is consumed by an estimate of about 15 million people in the eastern part of Nigeria majority of who are Igbo’s (Odunfa85) and Oyeyola, 19 2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OIL BEAN Kingdom: Plantae Order: Fabales Family: Fabaceae Subfamily: Mimosoideae Tribe: Mimoseae Genus: Pentaclethra Species Pentaclethra macrophylla 2.2 COMPOSITION OF SEED: The oilbean seeds contain 4-17% carbohydrate, 44-47% oil which has been found to be rich in oleic acid (Nwokedi, 1975; Odoemelam, 2005) and linoleic acid (Onwuliri et al., 2004). Onwuliri et al. (2004) also found out that the saturated fatty acid, lignoceric acid, occurred in high amounts constituting about 10% of the total fatty acid concentration. Some workers said that the oil content could be as low as 38% (Kar and Okechukwu, 1978). They also reported that the oil contains about 75% saturated fatty acids and 25% unsaturated fatty acids. (Achinewhu, 1983) showed the fatty acid content of the seeds. Both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are found in the seeds. For the saturated fatty acids, lignoceric acid appears to be present in the largest amount constituting about 12% while palmitic acid is the least with 3.4%. Behemic acid is also present with 5.2%. The major unsaturated fatty acid in the seeds is linoleic acid constituting 42.8%. Oleic acid is also present in appreciable amounts (29.0%). Linolenic and Gadoleic acids are present in very small amounts (3.2 and 0.28%, respectively. 2.3 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF AFRICAN OIL BEAN SEED Composition Values Yield of oil (%) 46.3 Saturated fatty acid Palmitic acid 3.4 Behenic 5.2 lignoceric 12.0 Unsaturated fatty acid Oleic 29.0 Linoleic 42.8 Linolenic 3.2 Gadoleic 0.28 As percentage of total oil. Achinewhu (1983) presence of appreciable amounts of behenic and lignoceric acids is not desirable for edible oils (Odufan, 1986). However, Odoemelam (2005) believes that the high degree of unsaturation makes it suitable for cooking purposes and for use as a drying oil for cosmetics, paints and varnishes.
THE OXIDATIVE STRESS STATUS OF RATS FED ON OIL BEAN SEED MEAL
ABSTRACT This study was on oxidative stress status of rat fed with Pentraclethra macrophylla, otherwise known as African oil bean seed oil in English or Ugba in Igbo. Sixteen male rats were distributed into four groups. 1 (control), then group 2, 3, and 4 as test groups. They were fed with their formulated meal (5%, 10%, 20% inclussions) for 28... Continue Reading
ABSTRACT This study was on oxidative stress status of rat fed with Pentraclethra macrophylla, otherwise known as African oil bean seed oil in English or Ugba in Igbo. Sixteen male rats were distributed into four groups. 1 (control), then group 2, 3, and 4 as test groups. They were fed with their formulated meal (5%, 10%, 20% inclussions) for 28... Continue Reading
ABSTRACT This study was on oxidative stress status of rat fed with Pentraclethra macrophylla, otherwise known as African oil bean seed oil in English or Ugba in Igbo. Sixteen male rats were distributed into four groups. 1 (control), then group 2, 3, and 4 as test groups. They were fed with their formulated meal (5%, 10%, 20% inclussions) for 28... Continue Reading
The purpose of this study was to observe the least amount of acute restraint stress that was needed to produce significant changes in the oxidative stress parameters. Stress may be defined as a complex dynamic condition in which the homeostasis of an organism is disturbed or threatened. Several studies have reported on the effects of stress on the... Continue Reading
Brain disorders have been linked with heavy metal toxicity such as lead toxicity. Solanum lycopersicum has been reported to be useful in the treatment of brain disorders. However, there are few reports on it's effect on neurotoxicity induced by lead acetate in rats. . This study was designed to investigate the effect of ethyl acetate extract of... Continue Reading
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In recent years, there has been profound interest in the role of oxidative stress in the precipitation of pre- diabetic condition (1) and there are reports of oxidative stress increasing in patients with diabetes mellitus (2). Oxidative stress results when reactive forms of oxygen are produced faster than they can be safely neutralized by the body... Continue Reading
In recent years, there has been profound interest in the role of oxidative stress in the precipitation of pre- diabetic condition (1) and there are reports of oxidative stress increasing in patients with diabetes mellitus (2). Oxidative stress results when reactive forms of oxygen are produced faster than they can be safely neutralized by the body... Continue Reading
ABSTRACT Among medicinal plants, Picralima nitida is well investigated and has been shown to possess renal and hepatoprotective activities. The present study was conducted to investigate the chemoprotective effect of methanol extract of Picralima nitida leaves on carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress in albino rats. Thirty (30) Wistar... Continue Reading
ABSTRACT The study evaluated the effects partial and total replacement of fish meal protein fermented sesame seed meal (SSM) protein in practical diets on growth performance, feed utilization and hematology of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Fish of an average initial weight of 5.18g were stocked in 15 plastic aquaria of about 25litres... Continue Reading